1	"The student will demonstrate an..." The student will demonstrate an understanding of the organization of living systems.
2	Living things are . . . Organized into cells. Grow and develop. Respond to the environment. Use energy Reproduce
3	Cells are organized into. . . Tissues, like types of cells Tissue layers form organs Organs that work together form organ systems Organ systems that work together make an organism
4	Taxonomy-how to classify life
5	49 Which of these classifications is most specific? A Family B Genus C Phylum D Order
6	6 Kingdoms – Largest groupings of living things
7	Animal Kingdom Multicellular heterotrophic This kingdom includes all vertebrates (one major phylum) and invertebrates (several phyla) Insects, jellyfish, people are all animals
8	Kingdom Plantae Multicellular and autotrophic Means that all plants perform photosynthesis This kingdom includes mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants (grasses, fruit trees, shrubs, most garden plants, most crops, wildflowers)
9	Kingdom Fungi Multicellular and some single-cells Most of these organisms are decomposers Includes mushrooms, yeasts and infections like athlete's foot
10	Kingdoms of Single Cells Kingdom Protista: largest source of food and oxygen for the entire planet. Includes plankton, amoeba, and ciliates. Described as Unicellular Eukaryotes
11	Prokaryotic Kingdom- Cells without membraned organelles Kingdom Bacteria: Unicellular Prokaryotes which are often decomposers Kingdom Archeobacteria: Unicellular Prokaryotes from extreme environments.
12	8 Some bacteria benefit mammals by helping with — F growth G defense H digestion J respiration Kingdom Bacteria has beneficial and harmful members The best answer here is H, since digestion systems of mammals contain bacteria. Bacteria found in the respiratory system usually result in illness, which would trigger the defenses, not help them.
13	Binomial Classification Living things are given a two-part scientific name. This 2-part name is also the species name. The first part is the Genus which is capitalized, and the second, which is the species, part of the scientific name is never capitalized. Scientific names are used because the same plant or animal in different places may have different common names. Your scientific name is Homo sapiens
14	12 The bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, is most closely related to the — F spotted chorus frog, Pseudacris clarki G Asian flying frog, Polypedates leucomystax H northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens J African bullfrog, Pyxicephalus adspersus
15	Related in biological terms means family, genus, species. F spotted chorus frog, Pseudacris clarki G Asian flying frog, Polypedates leucomystax H northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens J African bullfrog, Pyxicephalus adspersus Genus is always a capital letter, species is lower case. Most closely related would be in the same genus, Rana. ANSWER? H
16	Eukaryotic Cells
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18	Plant Cells have, and Animal Cells don’t Chloroplasts – organelle responsible for photosynthesis Cell Walls – a structure outside of the membrane to provide support Very large vacuoles to store extra water
19	This is a typical plant cell It contains a cell wall, chloroplasts, a very large vacuole. Why do plants need large vacuoles?
20	"52 Compared to annual rings..." 52 Compared to annual rings of trees that have experienced years of sufficient rainfall, the annual rings of trees that have experienced a dry period will — F be softer G grow at a faster rate H be thinner J photosynthesize at a faster rate
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22	26 If a cat has 38 chromosomes in each of its body cells, how many chromosomes will be in each daughter cell after mitosis? F 11 G 19 H 38 J 76
23	When cells reproduce out of control Tumors are formed. This is what is called cancer. It may or may not be malignant (kind that spreads).
24	Transporting into Cells - Passive movement from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is diffusion. The diffusion of water is called osmosis.
25	What is Active Transport? Energy is used to move selected molecules into a cell, even if they are at a low concentration.
26	"34 When a sea urchin..." 34 When a sea urchin egg is removed from the ocean and placed in freshwater, the egg swells and bursts. Which of these causes water to enter the egg? F Coagulation G Sodium pump H Active transport J Osmosis
27	6CO₂ + 6H₂O à C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ This is photosynthesis
28	Plants do photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
29	Cellular Respiration C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂à 6CO₂ + 6H₂O Occurs in mitochondria of all living things
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32	The Stuff of Life The structure of DNA is called a double helix, or twisted ladder The base Guanine always pairs to Cytosine. Adenine pairs to Thymine. Mutations are caused when these pairings are not made.
33	38 In DNA, which of the following determines the traits of an organism? F Amount of adenine G Number of sugars H Sequence of nitrogen bases J Strength of hydrogen bonds
34	Transcription . . . Transcription is when messenger RNA reads the DNA in the nucleus and then leaves the nucleus to take the information to the ribosome. The DNA then wraps back up until next time.
35	Translation . . . Code into words mRNA takes the code from the nucleus to the Ribosome where it pairs with Transfer RNA to put Amino Acids into chains called proteins. mRNA pairs to tRNA in the ribosomes This protein building is called TRANSLATION.
36	What does this chart represent?
37	"53 The table shows a..." 53 The table shows a comparison of some amino acids found in cytochrome c. The two organisms in the table that are most closely related are — A Q and T B R and S C Q and R D Q and S
38	To be closely related means the amino acid composition should be almost the same, since that is what the DNA is coding. Between Q and T, only 4 levels are the same – Between R and S only 4 levels are the same – Between Q and S 5 of the levels are the same, but – Between Q and R 5 of the levels are the same and differ in the other 2 by a smaller percent. Answer: Not A Not B Not D C
39	Transcription and Translation
40	What is the DNA base pair rule?
41	In DNA A to T and T to A, C to G and G to C 5' AGATGCATC 3‘ TCTACGTAG Base pair each letter by the above rule. So the answer is: F
42	Genetics – How traits are inherited Father of Genetics is Gregor Mendel, he experimented with pea plants. Dominant traits always are visible, and are represented by capital letters. Recessive traits are hidden unless both alleles are the recessive one (Homozygous) At least one pair of alleles determines the trait in genetic inheritance.
43	Punnett Squares
44	Phenotype is what you see Phenotype refers to what is visible – the dominant trait or the recessive trait. How do you know the phenotype? LOOK!!
45	Genotype – actual combination of alleles Only 3 possibilities BB = Homozygous Dominant Bb = Heterozygous bb = Homozygous recessive Must look at inheritance pattern to find out.
46	Pedigree shows the Family Tree
47	Homeostasis This is the maintenance of the normal operating conditions of an organism. Control of body temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, urine output, digestive absorption, metabolism rate, growth rate and hormone levels all need to be maintained.
48	Structural System - 1 Bones are to Support & structure Make blood cells Allow movement Muscle attachments Ligaments hold joints together
49	Structural System – 2 3 types of muscles Smooth, involuntary Striated, voluntary Cardiac, heart muscle somewhat like both above Allow for movement Attached by tendons above and below joints
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51	Nervous System - 1 Consists of brain and spinal chord Voluntary, you control and choose Involuntary, allows parts to keep functioning without you knowing Nerve cells send and receive information . .
52	Nervous System - 2 Nerve cells have 3 parts Axon – Sends signal Cell Body – controls cell functions Dendrite – Receives signal from another Synapse – space between cells
53	Nervous System - 3 Involuntary is controlled by the medulla oblongata of the brain. This is how you keep breathing while sleeping and digest food without thinking about it.
54	Circulatory System - 1
55	Circulatory System - 2 The top parts of the heart receive blood – Atrium The bottom two are very muscular and pump the blood – Ventricles Two contractions, right ventricle pumps to the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps to the body and brain.
56	"A circulatory system" A circulatory system B integumentary system C excretory system D endocrine system
57	"25 The medulla" 25 The medulla, part of the brain stem, reacts quickly to increased levels of CO₂ in the blood and stimulates a response from the — A excretory system B immune system C respiratory system D integumentary system
58	Immune System - 1 Your immune system protects you from infections and illness 1^st Order Non-specific includes skin, mucous membranes, cilia of trachea and bronchi, stomach acid, tears 2^nd Order includes the inflammatory response (swelling, redness due to histamine release), fever, white blood cells such as phagocytes and macrophages destroying the pathogens and infected tissue cells.
59	Immune System - 2 Two main types of immunity ACTIVE – body makes its own antibodies after being sick - permanent OR a vaccination to help your body make antibodies PASSIVE – injection with antibodies, or transferred from mother to unborn baby
60	6 Most viruses infect a specific kind of cell. Which of the following are infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)? F Helper T cells G Liver cells H GABA-receptor cells J Red blood cells
61	Ask yourself, which cell type deals with immunity? F Helper T cells G Liver cells H GABA-receptor cells J Red blood cells Answer? Helper T cells. All the rest are body cells with specific jobs that do not relate to immunity.
62	Plant Systems There are 3 main plant systems: Reproductive – this is the flower structure Transport – this is the stem and roots and their xylem and phloem Energy – this is the leaf and other areas of photosynthesis.
63	Leaf Tissue – What happens where?
64	Next… Ecology and the Environment